Since the launch of the strategic plan “Made in China 2025” in May 2015, under the leadership of then-Prime Minister Li Keqiang, China has laid out an ambitious roadmap to transition from being the “factory of the world” to a global powerhouse in advanced manufacturing. This initiative aims not only to boost the country’s technological self-sufficiency but also to reduce its reliance on foreign technologies, positioning itself as a leader in strategic sectors.
In this ZTalent blog, we explore the progress, challenges, and future of this initiative within the context of the 14th Five-Year Plan and the long-term goal for 2035.
Motivation Behind the “Made in China 2025” Plan
China recognized that relying on foreign technologies, especially in critical sectors like semiconductors, posed economic and strategic risks. Additionally, tensions with the United States and sanctions imposed by the country underscored the need for technological independence. The vision of the plan is clear:
- Reduce reliance on foreign technologies, particularly in critical areas such as semiconductors.
- Respond to U.S. sanctions that have impacted China’s tech industry.
- Lead strategic sectors like robotics, renewable energy, biotechnology, and telecommunications.
Development and Pillars of “Made in China 2025”
The plan identifies ten key sectors and outlines measures to achieve its goals. Among them are:
- Key sectors: Information technologies, advanced robotics, electric vehicles, biomedicine, among others.
- R&D investment: A significant increase in technological research.
- Self-sufficiency: Incentives for local production.
- Technological infrastructure: Expansion of 5G networks and industrial digitization.
Major Achievements Over the Past Decade
Key Advances
- Electric vehicles: Nearly 10 million units sold in 2023, surpassing expectations.
- Renewable energy: China leads the world in solar panels and wind turbines production.
- 5G networks: A global benchmark for connectivity and digitization.
Ongoing Challenges
While the progress is undeniable, some key goals remain unmet:
- Semiconductors: Continued reliance on foreign technology for advanced chip production.
- Limited innovation: Lags in advanced machinery and robotics.
- Incomplete self-sufficiency: The goal of 70% local production in key sectors has not yet been reached.
The U.S. Government’s Stance
The U.S. government perceives “Made in China 2025” as a threat to its technological leadership. In response, it has imposed trade sanctions, restricted exports of advanced technology to China, and strengthened global alliances to counteract its influence.
The 14th Five-Year Plan and the Vision for 2035
The 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) and the roadmap for 2035 expand the objectives of “Made in China 2025.” Among the key goals are:
- Socialist modernization: Aimed at enhancing the country’s economic and technological power.
- Dual circulation model: Focusing on internal consumption growth while integrating into the global economy.
- Environmental protection: Increasing sustainability and promoting a green economy.
The long-term objective is to establish China as a global technological and economic powerhouse, marking a paradigm shift in global leadership.
Conclusion: A Path Full of Challenges and Opportunities
“Made in China 2025” has achieved significant progress, but the remaining challenges, such as self-sufficiency in semiconductors, demonstrate that the journey is far from over. With clear objectives set for 2035, China continues its efforts to become a global leader in technology and advanced manufacturing.
